Research Paper in Society and Culture

Society and Culture Research Paper Marriage and Family Nature and Scope (Belgium) Submitted by Kate Danica M. De the Nazargonne Submitted to Ms. Sherryl Pajulas OUTLINE Topic Marriage and Family Nature and Scope (Belgium) Introduction History Subtopics a. the nature of marriage b. the selection of marriage mates c. the nature of family d. basic utilisation of the family (Belgium) e. channelises in the family f. family organization and disorganization g. culture and custom (Belgium) Conclusion Ack forthwithledgement Im non a perfect person for me not to render a help for others.To do a research paper is not an easy task thats why I do acknowledge fist, perfection for neer getting tired for giving me His guidance, strength and wisdom while Im doing this. Second is my family who always in that respect for me and for their support financially and morally. as well as because they never stop loving me as what I am and who I am. Third is my friends who never let me down, they never get tired to cheer me up that I can do this, they make me inspired. Fourth, I acknowledge those who also help me to crap reference in this research paper, also because of they switch pains to me, because without hem maybe I didnt finish this research paper. 1 History Belgium According to its history, the name Belgium is derived fromGallia Belgica, aroman type provincein the northern most p ar twainrk ofGaulthat before Roman invasion in 100BC, was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of Gaelicand multitude. Agradual immigrationby GermanicFrankishtribes during the 5th light speed brought the area under the rule of theMerovingiankings. A gradual shift of office during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire.TheTreaty of Verdunin 843 divided the region intoMiddleand West Franciaand therefore into a set of much or less independentfiefdomswhich, during theMiddle Ages, werevassalseither of theKing of Franceor of theHoly Roman emperor. Many of t hese fiefdomswere united in theBurgundian Netherlandsof the 14th and 15th centuries. 18Emperor CharlesVextended thepersonal unionof theS moreoverteen Provincesin the 1540s, making it far more than a personal union by thePragmatic kisser of 1549and increased his influence over thePrince-Bishopric of Liege.TheEighty Years War(15681648) divided the Low Countries into the northernUnited Provinces(Belgica FoederatainLatin, the Federated Netherlands) and theSouthern Netherlands(Belgica Regia, the Royal Netherlands). The latter were control successively by the Spanishand theAustrianHabsburgsand comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of mostFranco-Spanishand Franco-Austrian warsduring the 17th and 18th centuries.Following thecampaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countriesincluding territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liegewere annexed by theFrench First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region . The reunification of the Low Countries as theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlandsoccurred at the dissolution of theFirst French Empirein 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon. And in 1830, theBelgian Revolutionled to the dissolution of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the stablishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under aprovisional governmentand a field congress. Since the installation ofLeopoldIas king on21 July1831 (which is now celebrated as BelgiumsNational Day, Belgium has been aconstitutional monarchyandparliamentary democracy, with alaicistconstitution base on theNapoleonic code. Although the franchise was initially restricted,universal suffragefor men was introduced after thegeneral strike of 1893(withplural votinguntil 1919) and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were theCatholic Partyand theLiberal Party, with theBelgian Labour Partyemerging towards the end of the 19t h century. French was originally the single official language adopted by thenobilityand thebourgeoisie. It progressively lost its overall importance as Dutch became recognized as well. This recognition became official in 1898 and in 1967 a Dutch version of theConstitutionwas legally accepted. 23 TheBerlin Conferenceof 1885 ceded control of theCongo Free StatetoKing LeopoldIIas his private possession.From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under LeopoldII, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from b one(a) and rubber achievement. In 1908 this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called theBelgian Congo. 24Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 as part of the Schlieffen conceptionto attack France and much of theWestern Frontfighting of World WarI occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as theRape of Belgiumdue to German excesses.Belgium took over theGerman coloniesofRuanda-Urundi(modern dayRwandaandBurundi) during the war, and they were mandated to Belgium in 1924 by theLeague of Nations. In the aftermath of the First World War, thePrussian districtsofEupen and Malmedy were annexed by Belgium in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. The country was again invaded by Germany in 1940and was occupied until itsliberation by the Alliesin 1944. After World WarII,a general strikeforced kingLeopoldIII, who many viewed as collaborating with Germany during the war, to abdicate in 1951. The Belgian Congo gained emancipation in 1960 uring theCongo Crisis Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joinedNATOas a debut member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium became one of the six founding members of theEuropean Coal and Steel Communityin 1951 and of theEuropean Atomic Energ y CommunityandEuropean Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter is now the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including theEuropean Commission, theCouncil of the European Unionand the extraordinary and committee sessions of theEuropean Parliament. Nature of marriage According to the catholic, the true nature of marriage, a keep up and wife life in openness to life, is also a witness to the precious gift of the child and to the unique and irreplaceable roles of both a scram and a father. In creating new life, the unitive and procreative purposes of marriage come together. Marriage, therefore, is not confined wholly to the loving intimacy of husband and wife but strives in generosity to go beyond this to bring new life into being. This procreative meaning of marriage involves not only the conception of children but also their breeding and education.The loving communion of marital spouses is the primary context in which childr en are both conceived and brought up in love. It is true that some marriages will not return in procreation due to infertility, even though the couple is capable of the natural act by which procreation takes place. Indeed, this situation often comes as a surprise and can be a source of deep sadness, disappointment, anxiety, and even great suffering for a husband and wife. When such tragedy affects a marriage, a couple may be tempted to think that their union is not complete or truly blessed.This is not true. The marital union of a man and a woman is a distinctive communion of persons which even infertile couples continue to manifest. 4 Selection of marriage mates According to my research, Selecting a mate is a process that is to a large extent ethnically defined. Who is considered as a suitable marriage partner differs across societies. Various criteria can be use in the evaluation of a suitable partner. Some of these are physical beauty, personality, education, wealth, social clas s, ethnic or racial identity and more.The relative importance of one criterion over another depends on the type of marriage that is being considered an arranged marriage or one based on the Western concept of romantic love. Arranged marriages pee-pee been very popular worldwide and are still being practised today. This is so because an arranged marriage represents more than a union of two individuals it is in fact the union of two families. It can also be a basis for creating alliances between important families, communities or even countries and nations. Therefore, arranged marriages usually require careful choice and negotiations.Another reason why arranged marriages have been and are still being practised is that young commonwealth have sometimes been considered as being too inexperienced to make such a decision as that of selecting a life-long partner. The parents and other older relatives thus take the responsibility of finding a suitable mate for the young people. Even th ough arranged marriages are still being widely practiced, marriages based on romantic love are growing in popularity. This is so because of the influence of the mass media and its effectiveness in spreading the Western image of romantic love across the world.Exclusive emotional attachments are now greatly desirable in a marriage. 5 Basic Function of Family The Belgian standard living is one of the highest in Europe, per capita income is high increasing, and a large part of economy is directed toward production for the consumer market. Housing is less crowded than in most of Europe. The ill-treat of life in the cities is hectic, yet the Belgians know how to relax, and they do so at side walk cafes and at the restaurants known throughout Europe for the preparation of the Belgians favourite dishes mussels, deep-fried potatoes, oysters, endive, and Flemish waterzoei (chicken). is an important consideration for anybody to grow up with afamily. Household camping along the Meuse. Althoug h modern informality is making in roadstead among the students generations, the traditions of the tight family circle and formal relations with others is maintained. The whole is still focus of life. Regionalism is strong, and while they may visit the capital on occasion, many Belgians prefer not to wonder far from their place of birth. 6 Changes in the family Sociologists study society and how it is organized. They study what a society believes and how it is changing.They explain how people behave, but not how they ought to behave. more or less every society is based on the family. Some societies have nuclear families. In the nuclear family, the parents and children live together in one house. Other societies have extended families. In this kind of family, there are grandparents, parents, children, uncles, and other relatives all living together. In some societies, there are tribes. A tribe is a group of extended families that have the same ancestors. Throughout history there have been slow changes in the family and in family life, but today the family is changing quickly.This change causes many problems for the society and the individual. One of the major reasons for this fast change in the family is the change in how people earn their money. Today more and more people work in factories that make automobiles, furniture, clothes, and thousands of other products. Fewer people work on farms or make products at home. People work in attention instead. This change is called industrialization. The ownership of land in an industrial society is not as important as it was when people lived in villages. 7 Family Organization and DisorganizationAccording to my reference, in Belgium, the population can be broadly divided into three linguistic groups. A majority are Flemings of Germanic stock who speaks dialect similar to Dutch. The Walloons, of Celtic antecedents, originally spoke dialect that differed markedly from Parisian French. These dialects have now high-priced ly disappeared and have been replaced by a slightly belgicized version of French. Although in the countryside near mons (Bergen) and liege (luik) they still may be heard occasionally. The German speaking population of Belgium numbers less than 90,000 people.Yet because it is concentrated about Eupen and malmedy and near the lodger with luxem, bourg, it has been able to win language rights in those areas. Also in Belgium, the religion of both Flemish and Walloons is Roman Catholic, but with markedly different attitudes. Many Walloons give roman doctrine a liberal interpretation and are not strict in their attendance at mass. In the Flemish areas of Belgium the churches are crowded. Roman Doctrine is strictly adhered to and seldom questioned, and the local clergy have considerable influence within their parishes.On a higher level the arch- bishop of Mechelin (Malines) enjoys universal respect and is one of the national leaders a portion of the salaries of the Roman Catholic, Protesta nt, Anglican, and Jewish clergy the protestant denomination in Belgium are not strong, although they have grown since World War II. 8 Culture and Custom The Flemish of Germanic bloods, and the Walloons, with the Latin ties, have been less than odds in cultural endeavors than the linguistic situation would seem to indicate. Belgiums exquisite output has coincided with the years of its greatest economic expansion for example, the Burgundian period.The 15th century was especially rich in painting, music, architecture, and literature. By the end of the 17th century, artistic production was nearly at a stand still. After 1830, with Belgian independence, a rebirth of the arts began and gathered momentum toward the close of the century. The 20th century has witnessed ever-increasing cultural activity. The traditions of Flemish school were carried on into the Italians. In the 17th century Peter Paul Pubens and his baroque school evaded a direct Italian influence. He multi-colored religiou s and pagan scenes as well as landscapes and portraits. The 18th century showed little interest in painting.Romanticism in the 19th century was represented by Gustav Wappers, Louis Gallait and Hendrick Seys. An impressionist school produced Rik Wouters, who was a sculptor. In the 20th century, James Ensor, the father of Flemish expressionism, was very influential with his experimental forms. While Flanders produced the most outstanding whole works of painting, it was Walloons territory, Hainaut and Liege that produced the musical genius of the country. The musical contribution of Belgium to European culture is less well known than its painting but no less remarkable. The art of modern music was born on what is now Belgian soil.Because of the linguistic division of the country, Belgium has always possessed two literatures, French and Flemish. The Matter is further manifold by the fact that Flemings have, at times, written their works in French. The literature of this meeting ground of Germanic and Romance civilizations must be considered under its two divisions, French and Flemish 9 Conclusion Belgium is a constitutional monarchy in Western Europe. An independent nation since 1830. The labor there was only about 6 percent of their population is employed in agriculture, and there has been a continuing slow decrease in the number of farmers.Increments in the labor supply have generally occurred in the manufacturing industries. Most farmers own their own land. Many find it necessary to supplement the income gained from their small acreage by taking part-time jobs in the towns. In the economic expansion of the first half of the 1960s, employment in manufacturing went up approximately 12 percent, laborers from abroad especially Italy, have been attracted by these conditions, yet unemployment has continued to exist in the Borinage and West Flanders. Also in Belgium, income is also gained from Belgiums transportation facilities.Although the rail system is the denses t in Europe and successfully handles a high- volume freight and passenger service, as much or more freight is transported on the inland waterway system. Belgiums educational system is exceedingly developed despite the ill of two major controversies. The law established that it is the national governments responsibility to see that satisfactory schools of all kinds are within reach of all children. 10 Table of contents pageAcknowledgement 1 History 2-3 Nature of marriage 4 Selection of marriage mates 5 Nature of the family 6 Basic function of the family 7 Changes in the family 8 References http//vcampus. uom. ac. mu/soci1101/571marriage_partner_selection. html http//mycatholicweb. org/marriage/the-true-nature-of-marriage http//www. okanagan. bc. ca/Assets/Departments+(Education)/International+Students/Documents/ESL+Quiz. pdf Belgium Map 11 Belgium places 12 The Belgium loll 14 13